St. Jerome as Cardinal essays

Management Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

The board - Research Paper Example In a clinical setting, the logical association approach remains established on arranging of employment to achieve viability, consistency, specialization, and speculation. The Bureaucratic methodology considers the to be as area of a more extensive network sorted out in structure as one unit. Targets bringing various units under one rooftop. Regulatory hypothesis underscores on the administration objectives and their accomplishment in a center (Ziegenfuss, 2007). Neoclassical hypothesis weights on a person’s or group pattern and human relationship in surveying yield. It clarifies how facility staff directions to draw out the ideal outcomes in an association. The cutting edge hypothesis comprises of three methodologies, the frameworks approach, the socio-specialized, and the possibility or situational approach. The frameworks approach considers the center like a framework made up of a lot of associated subordinate branches. Socio-specialized methodology perceives the center as m ade up of social plan, specialized plan and its encompassing. This guarantees successful blending in with the encompassing to create the ideal outcomes in a facility. The possibility approach considers a facility like institutional plan associated with the encompassing and that different environmental factors need fluctuating institutional relationship for proficient working of the center (Ziegenfuss, 2007). ... Mintzberg’s gathering perceives (Kelly, 2012): Interpersonal job Informational job Decisional job Interpersonal job In this class, there are three kinds of relational jobs, which include: a. Nonentity: all chiefs, be that as it may, primarily ranking directors, remain figure pioneers since they partake in allegorical and official capacities like welcome visitors and making discoursed at institutional events. The test that could remain brought about in this circumstance is correspondence hindrance and the planning of the correspondence to suit your crowd and make them agreeable. b. Contact: it involves official and casual inside and without contacts; the test that could win here is the capacity to keep up all the contacts and have the option to contact them equitably. c. Influencer: contains undertakings characteristic in the coordinating action, the capacity of which is to empower and head. The test that may win here is absence of enough information and mastery to have the opt ion to manage all the colleagues in the association just as keep them persuaded and prepared to work. Educational job The enlightening jobs of a director include the accompanying: Monitor-The supervisor needs to see and follow the progression of data and the advancement of the staff to guarantee that they all adjust to the set guidelines and act to orders likewise. The difficulties the chiefs can experience here are the other staff seeing them as despots and totally following up their undertakings and subsequently create scorn towards them. This will influence the exhibition of the subordinate laborers just as that of the supervisors thus prompting low yield. Disseminator-the supervisors have the job of spreading data to their subordinates when important to

How Long Does Percocet Stay in Your System

How Long Does Percocet Stay in Your System Addiction Drug Use Opioids Print How Long Does Percocet (Acetaminophen/Oxycodone) Stay in Your System? Percocet in Your Blood, Urine, Hair, Saliva By Buddy T facebook twitter Buddy T is an anonymous writer and founding member of the Online Al-Anon Outreach Committee with decades of experience writing about alcoholism. Learn about our editorial policy Buddy T Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on October 06, 2019 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on February 12, 2020 familylifestyle / Getty Images More in Addiction Drug Use Opioids Cocaine Heroin Marijuana Meth Ecstasy/MDMA Hallucinogens Prescription Medications Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery In This Article Table of Contents Expand Effects Duration Factors That Affect Detection Time Elimination Symptoms of Overdose Getting Help View All Back To Top Percocet is a pain reliever thats prescribed for people with moderate to severe pain. It contains the narcotic oxycodone, an opiate analgesic medication, and acetaminophen (Tylenol), a non-narcotic pain reliever and fever reducer. Percocet is a Schedule II drug, meaning it has a high potential for abuse, potentially leading to severe psychological or physical dependence.?? Knowing how long Percocet remains in your system can help prevent an accidental overdose caused by taking your next dose of medication too soon or by interactions with other medications youre taking. How Long Does Percocet Stay in Your System? Blood: Up to 24 hoursUrine: Up to four daysSaliva: Up to four daysHair: Up to 90 days Percocet for Chronic Pain Management How Long Does It Take to Feel the Effects? Percocet is mostly known for pain relief but it also makes some people feel relaxed and even sleepy. The pain-relieving effects of Percocet can typically be felt about 20 to 30 minutes after taking the drug. Common side effects of Percocet include: ConstipationNauseaVomitingUpset stomachDrowsiness or sleepinessConfusion or muddy thinkingDizzinessHeadacheBlurred visionItching When taken in large doses or misused, Percocet can cause the following side effects: Low blood pressureSlowed breathingConfusionMood swingsDepressionFlushing or sweatingTrouble concentrationProblems with coordination Percocet After Surgery How Long Does Percocet Last? The half-life of a drug is how long it takes, on average, for half of the initial dose to be metabolized and leave your system. It takes several half-lives to completely eliminate the drug from your system. Understanding the half-life of Percocet can help you avoid an overdose. Percocet has a half-life in your blood of 3.5 hours, but that varies depending on your liver function. This means that it will take an average of 19 hours to eliminate all Percocet from your system. In urine tests, traces of Percocet can generally be detected for 48 hours, starting 2 hours after the initial dose.?? The average half-life of immediate-release oxycodone is about 3.2 hours in your bloodstream. Its metabolized in your body into noroxymorphone and oxymorphone and passes out of your body through your urine. For the majority of people, Percocet is out of your bloodstream within 24 hours, but its traceable in your saliva, urine, and hair for much longer. Blood In blood tests, the drug is detectable for 24 hours. Urine Percocet is detectable in a standard urine test for three to four days after your last dose. Saliva Percocet can also be detected by a saliva test for one to four days after use. Hair The drug can be detected in hair follicles for up to 90 days. False Positive Testing If you take a urine drug screen while taking Percocet, it will be positive for opioids, so let the clinic know what youre taking ahead of time. Its also always a good idea to disclose any drugs and supplements you are taking to the testing agency, in case they can trigger a false positive. Factors That Affect Detection Time Drugs stay in peoples systems for different amounts of time due to a multitude of factors, including metabolism, age, other medications youre on, how long youve been taking the drug, and overall health. Metabolism The faster your metabolic rate, which can be influenced by age, hydration, and physical activity, the quicker your body will excrete the drug. Age Adults over the age of 65 have been study-proven to clear the oxycodone in Percocet from their systems at a slower rate than younger adults.?? Kidney and Liver Function People with impaired kidney and liver function clear Percocet at a slower rate. Duration of Use Percocet can build up in your body, so if you have been taking it for pain for some time, it will be detectable for a longer period of time after your last dose. How to Get Percocet Out of Your System While drinking lots of fluids or exercising may help dilute your urine or speed up your metabolism slightly, these are not proven methods to get Percocet out of your system more quickly. Your best bet is to stop taking the drugâ€"but never without first talking to your doctor. Because Percocet can lead to physical dependence, you may experience  unpleasant symptoms of withdrawal if you stop cold turkey. Symptoms of Overdose The risks of overdose from Percocet come both from the oxycodone opiate and acetaminophen. If you take Percocet and get to the point where it feels like its no longer controlling your pain, dont increase your dose on your ownâ€"call your doctor and discuss the problem. Because acetaminophen is used in a large number of combination medications, an overdose can happen when you dont realize that youre taking it in more than one medication. Be sure to check that you arent taking acetaminophen in any other over-the-counter medications or prescriptions. Combination drugs like Percocet are now limited to no more than 325mg of acetaminophen per tablet, capsule, or dosage unit to help prevent these dangerous overdoses.?? If you suspect you have taken more than 4,000 milligrams of acetaminophen in 24 hours, contact your doctor immediately, even if you feel well and dont have any symptoms. An overdose of acetaminophen can result in irreversible liver damage and death.?? Some of the symptoms of Percocet overdose include: Difficulty breathingSlowed or stopped breathingExcessive sleepinessDizzinessFaintingLimp or weak musclesCold, clammy skinSlow or stopped heartbeatBlue color of skin, fingernails, lipsLoss of consciousness or coma If you suspect someone has overdosed on Percocet, call 911 immediately. First responders should be able to revive the overdose victim by using a medication called Narcan  (naloxone) if theyre notified quickly. Understanding Opioid Overdoses Dangerous Interactions When oxycodone is combined with alcohol, other opioids, benzodiazepines, or other central nervous system depressants like certain cold or allergy medicines, it can result in profound sedation, breathing suppression, coma, and even death.?? Talk to your doctor or pharmacist about how other medications you may be taking could interact with Percocet. Oxycodone can also interact with the following medications, creating a potentially dangerous increase in the level of oxycodone when theyre taken with Percocet or discontinued while using Percocet.?? AntibioticsAntifungal agentsCYP3A4 and CYP2D6 inhibitors Let your doctor know about all the over-the-counter and prescription medications, herbs, and supplements youre taking so they can be monitored and adjusted. Its also important to tell your doctor if you have a history of breathing problems like bronchitis or asthma. The oxycodone in Percocet can produce serious or life-threatening breathing problems, especially after youve first started the prescription or when youre increasing the dosage. Getting Help Stopping Percocet suddenly can cause extremely unpleasant opioid withdrawal symptoms that can begin six to 30 hours after taking the drug. For most people, symptoms of withdrawal should markedly improve within five to 10 days. If your symptoms are lingering or getting worse, it’s important to seek medical help. Symptoms of Percocet withdrawal include: Feeling restlessSweatingYawningChillsRunny noseWeaknessFeeling irritable and/or anxiousMuscle or joint achesProblems sleepingDepressionIrregular heartbeatAppetite lossRapid breathingNauseaVomitingDiarrheaCramps How Long Does Withdrawal From Opioids Last? If you want to decrease or stop taking Percocet, your doctor can help you taper off the drug safely and prescribe other medications and lifestyle modifications to help manage your pain. Be honest with your healthcare provider if you think you may have developed a dependence or addiction to the drug. You may need long-term recovery support to cope with the physical and psychological effects of opioid use disorder. Addiction treatment may include maintenance medication, outpatient or inpatient treatment as well as a support group like Narcotics Anonymous or SMART Recovery. The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) is a great resource. Call 1-800-662-4357 or use their  online tools  to find treatment options in your area.

Inventing the Caribbean Columbus’s Creation of the Other...

Inventing the Caribbean: Columbus’s Creation of the Other Columbus’s invasion of the Caribbean in 1492 brought Native American and European cultures together for the first time in a startling encounter that reshaped the worldviews of both groups. In The Conquest of America: The Question of the Other, Tzvetan Todorov seeks to understand the ways in which the Spanish worldview shaped Columbus’s perception of the natives of Hispaniola, as he fashioned an other from his own sense of self. In Todorov’s model, the other is defined in terms of its correspondence, or lack thereof, to different facets of the self, including culture, language, physiognomy, religion, and knowledge; furthermore, the other is valued, distanced, and†¦show more content†¦Todorov contends that real interactions between the self and the other only occurred in the realms of the natural and human spheres, wherein Columbus related to the material world and to living beings; while no direct communication occurred in the divine sphere, the beliefs and values associated with it ultimately affected Columbus’s interactions with nature and man by creating a predisposition for certain interpretations and judgments. The divine sphere of Columbus’s worldview exercised a preeminent influence on the other spheres as his faith, belief, and premonition served to create an environment in which â€Å"the concrete experience [of nature and man] was there to illustrate a truth already possessed† by way of faith (Todorov 17). Todorov finds that the material realms of man and nature were forcibly interpreted to correspond to Columbus’s preconceived ideas and expectations. Although the invasion of the Caribbean brought the European self and the Arawak other into contact for the first time, Todorov argues that Columbus’s â€Å"discovery† and creation of the other was ultimately a validation of what he already â€Å"knew† he would find. Columbus’s writings reveal that religious devotion and faith were central facets of his identity and, indeed, may have been the impetus for his adventure to the Indies. Todorov finds that Columbus undertook his mission in the

The Viking Society and Culture - 2981 Words

â€Å"We and our fathers have now lived in this fair land for nearly three hundred and fifty years and never before has such a terror been seen in Britain as we have now suffered at the hands of a pagan people. Such a voyage was not thought possible. The church of St. Cuthbert is spattered with the blood of the priests of God.† These are the words of Alcuin of York, an Anglo-Saxon scholar, describing the first recorded presence of Norsemen warriors and their attack on Lindisfarne, a holy monastic undefended island of the coast of England in 793 A.D. This attack by pagans from Scandinavia introduced a new kind of warrior to the known world and established a new chapter in history known as the Viking Age. From this moment and for the next†¦show more content†¦From the moment a Norsemen is born, one’s own death was already chosen by fate. Nothing could be done to alter this moment. But it was understood that a man had complete control over his decisions while aliv e, and his actions were only of his own doing. Therefore, one ought to make the best of every moment, fully charging at life’s challenges. Either the worst that could happen was death which was out of one’s control or the most desired outcome could take place which was increased honorable reputation and fame. An example of this is presented in Sverris Saga about King Sverrir of Norway and his words to his army. The king told a story about a farmer who accompanied his son to the warships and gave him counsel, telling him to be, â€Å"valiant and hardy in perils,† saying, â€Å"How would you act if you were engaged in battle and knew beforehand that you were destined to be killed?† the son answered, â€Å"Why then should I refrain from striking right and left?† The farmer said, â€Å"Now suppose someone could tell you for certain that you would not be killed?† The son answered, â€Å"Why then should I refrain from pushing forward to the utmo st?† The farmer said, â€Å"In every battle you fight, one of two things will happen: you will either fall or come away alive. Be bold, therefore, for everything is preordained. Nothing can bring a man to his death if his time has not come and nothing can save one doomed to die. To die in flight is theShow MoreRelatedOn How Ecounters between People, Societies, Cultures and Material Objects Had an Impact on Early Globalization in the Viking Age679 Words   |  3 PagesIntroduction: In my essay I will talk about how the encounters between people, societies, cultures and material objects had an impact on early Globalization in the Viking age. Between 8th and 12th centuries the Vikings moved over and tied large parts of the world together. Vikings with their plundering and colonising were the forerunners of what we now call globalization. They were the first Europeans to cross the Atlantic and discovered Greenland, Iceland and North America with their ships. TheyRead MoreA Vikings Civilized World1265 Words   |  5 PagesWere the Vikings barbaric, or were they civilized? The Vikings were a civilized and organized culture. 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The period ofRead MoreThe Origins Of The Viking Age1174 Words   |  5 PagesOne of the most interesting times in medieval history is the era known as the Viking Age. When these fierce sea-borne raiders rummaged and plundered European sea ports of their valuables and treasures. These Scandinavian inhabitants were known to most of the world as a barbaric group, when in reality, there style of attacking had more skill than the world had seen. They struck fear and intimidation into their victims and made the whole European seaboard quake in angst for their arrival. Not onlyRead MoreViking Funeral Essay975 Words   |  4 PagesA Viking funeral is unlike any funeral that the modern individual is used too. According to Ibn Fadlan, author of â€Å"Ibn Fadlan’s Account of Viking in Early Russia,† an article that narrates a Viking funeral from an outside perspective, that shows how ritualistic and sacred a Viking funeral is. Fadlan presents this account by explaining the desc riptive process of the funeral of a Viking from an outside perspective. This paper will be a brief summary and opinion on the funeral of a Viking. Vikings comeRead MoreViking Art : A Critique1615 Words   |  7 PagesViking Art : A Critique James Graham-Campbell’s Viking Art is an illustrated study of Viking art from the Scandinavian world from AD 800 to around AD 1100. Graham-Campbell chose not to focus on one particular style or one specific location, but instead paints a vivid picture of Viking art all over the Scandinavian world and how it changed and was adapted in various time periods of the Viking Age. The study explores the art styles of Oseberg c. 775- c. 875, Borre c.850- c. 950, Jellinge c. 900Read MoreCulture And Culture Of Ireland1451 Words   |  6 Pagesinto the culture of Ireland by taking a look at the five characteristics of culture. The first section will cover the history of Ireland to illustrate the connection of a country’s struggle and their learned culture. I will attempt to communicate some of the key aspects that connect an individual culture to the region of the world it inhabits in the second section. In the third section, I will discuss the language and art of the land will be discussed to draw lines to the symbols a culture is founded

David Copperfield (Sparknotes) Free Essays

string(44) " of the things that baffled him as a child\." Summary — Preface In the preface written to accompany the first single-volume publication ofDavid Copperfield, Dickens tells us that the completion of the novel is, for him, both a regret and a pleasure. He rejoices in the completion of the novel because the novel was a long time in coming, and he is satisfied that it is finished after two years of hard work. He mourns its completion, however, because it marks the end of his association with a cast of characters to whom he has become intensely attached. We will write a custom essay sample on David Copperfield (Sparknotes) or any similar topic only for you Order Now Dickens remarks that David Copperfield is his favorite of all his novels and that, of all the characters he has invented over the years, David Copperfield is dearest to him. Summary- I am born An older David Copperfield narrates the story of his life. He begins by saying that only the writing that follows can tell who the hero of his story is. He tells of his simple birth, which occurred at the stroke of midnight on a Friday night. An old woman in the neighborhood has told him that the time of his birth indicates he will be unlucky and will be able to see ghosts and spirits. David’s father is already dead when David is born. David’s aunt, Miss Betsey Trotwood, appears on the day of David’s birth and speaks with David’s mother, Clara. Miss Betsey informs Clara that she intends to take custody of the girl Clara is about to bear. Miss Betsey wishes to raise the girl so that men never take advantage of her the way Miss Betsey has been taken advantage of in her own life. When David is born and Mr. Chillip, the doctor, informs Miss Betsey that Clara has had a boy, Miss Betsey storms out of the house and never returns. Summary — Chapter II. I Observe. David’s earliest memories are of his mother’s hair and his nurse, Clara Peggotty, who has very dark eyes. He remembers the kitchen and the backyard, with the roosters that frightened him and the churchyard behind the house, where his father is buried. Both David and his mother submit themselves to Peggotty’s kind direction. In particular, David recalls one occasion when he sits up late reading a book about crocodiles to Peggotty while waiting for his mother to return home from an evening out. David’s beautiful mother returns with Mr. Murdstone, a large man with black whiskers and a deep voice. David and Peggotty both dislike Mr. Murdstone, and Peggotty warns David’s mother not to marry someone her dead husband would not have liked. Mr. Murdstone returns later and takes David on a short trip to meet two business acquaintances, one of whom is named Mr. Quinion. Mr. Murdstone and Mr. Quinion joke about David’s dislike of Mr. Murdstone and Mr. Murdstone’s intention to marry David’s mother. When they get home, Peggotty proposes that she and David go to visit her brother and his family in Yarmouth. Summary — Chapter III. I have a Change Peggotty takes David to Yarmouth, where her family lives in a boat they have converted into a home. Peggotty’s brother, Mr. Daniel Peggotty, adopted his nephew, Ham, and his niece, Little Em’ly, who are not siblings, when their fathers drowned. Mrs. Gummidge, the widowed wife of Mr. Peggotty’s brother, lives with them too. Mr. Peggotty and Ham fish during the day, while David and Little Em’ly roam the beaches, collect shells, and fall in love. In retrospect, David muses that he has at times wished that the sea had closed over Little Em’ly then so that she would not have suffered all that she has suffered since. When David returns home, he observes that he has hardly thought of his mother or his home since he left. When he arrives, Peggotty tells him that his mother married Mr. Murdstone while they were away. David is reunited with his mother. Mr. Murdstone orders David’s mother to control herself in her behavior toward her son. David sees Mr. Murdstone again, for the first time as his mother’s husband. David thinks that Mr. Murdsone, with his great black beard, looks like an enormous and threatening dog. Analysis — Preface–Chapter III Dickens uses foreshadowing and cultivates an atmosphere of mystery in order to make his story dramatic and capture our interest from the start. The surreal circumstances under which David is born, including the appearance of Miss Betsey, mark the first example of mystery in the novel. Although Miss Betsey is absent for much of the story, she returns when David is in his hour of most dire need. The darkness and abruptness established around Miss Betsey in the opening chapter characterize her throughout the novel. Likewise, David’s comment that Little Em’ly might have been better off in the long run if the sea had swallowed her up as a child foreshadows painful events that come later. By alluding to these future difficult circumstances early in the novel, Dickens keeps us wondering what will happen to the various characters as the novel unfolds. Throughout David Copperfield, Dickens uses such foreshadowing not only to create suspense about future events but also to establish an ominous tone. Dickens portrays David as a gentle, naive child in order to limit the novel’s perspective and set up the dramatic irony of many of the story’s episodes. We see many signs of David’s youth: his memory of Mr. Murdstone as doglike, his failure to understand that Mr. Quinion and Mr. Murdstone make jokes at his own expense, his memory of his mother’s hair and form, and so on. We also see David’s innocence in his narrative voice, which focuses on other characters’ best aspects and never hints at infidelity or betrayal. Additionally, as a child, David often fears and dreads aspects of characters that an adult would not. We might expect the adult David to rewrite the story using his adult perspective to make sense of the things that baffled him as a child. You read "David Copperfield (Sparknotes)" in category "Essay examples" But David does not recast his childhood through an adult perspective. As a result, we see the characters and the story as the young David did at the time. David’s naive voice preserves an element of surprise in the novel, as David repeatedly fails to notice parts of the story that, if shown, would reveal upcoming events. By matching his characters’ physical traits to their emotional traits, Dickens helps us categorize the many people we meet in the novel. Mr. Murdstone, for example, sports a large black beard and evil-looking face that make him appear like a beast—and indeed, he turns out to be a less than savory character. In this way, David Copperfield is generally straightforward in its depiction of good and evil characters. In most cases, characters are more or less what they appear, which makes it easy for us to remember both their outward appearances and internal traits. Also, because Dickens tends to associate good with light and beauty and evil with dark and ugliness, the images in the novel come into sharp contrast. Thus, when David’s mother and Mr. Murdstone are together, the image is as physically and aesthetically repugnant as it is morally unappealing. Though there are exceptions to this general rule, the alliance of good with beauty and evil with ugliness persists fairly regularly throughout David Copperfield. Chapters IV–VI img src="https://phdessay.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/david_copperfield_large-33-300x131.jpg" alt="David Copperfield" width="632" height="276" / Summary — Chapter IV. I fall into Disgrace Having returned home, David finds his house much changed. The change upsets him so much that he cries himself to sleep in his new room. His mother comes up to comfort him, but Mr. Murdstone finds them there and reprimands David’s mother for not being firm with her son. Mr. Murdstone dismisses David’s mother into another part of the house and warns David that he will receive a beating if he disobeys or upsets his mother again. That night, dinner is silent and formal, and David finds it very different from the old dinners he used to enjoy by the fire with Peggotty and his mother. After dinner, Miss Jane Murdstone, Mr. Murdstone’s cruel sister, arrives to stay. She is dark and masculine, with eyebrows that nearly meet over the bridge of her nose. David observes that she is a metallic lady, with metal boxes and a metal purse. Miss Murdstone takes over the household organization, and when David’s mother protests that she can run her own house, Mr. Murdstone threatens her into submission. Whenever David’s mother voices her concern or anger about anything done in the house or to David, Mr. and Miss Murdstone tell her that her â€Å"firmness† is failing. They often refer to David’s mother, who is much younger than they, as a naive, inexperienced, and artless girl who needs their training. David’s mother accepts the Murdstones’ molding of her, apparently because she is afraid of them. David’s mother continues to conduct his lessons. However, because Mr. and Miss Murdstone snipe at David continuously throughout his recitations, his memory fails him during every lesson. His only comfort is his father’s small collection of adventure books, which David reads over and over in order to bring some friends and pleasure into his life. After one particularly poor lesson, Mr. Murdstone beats David savagely, and David, in self-defense, bites Mr. Murdstone’s hand. As punishment, David is locked in his room alone for five days. At the end of the five days, Peggotty comes to his door and whispers through the keyhole that he is to be sent away. Summary — Chapter V. I am sent away from Home David rides away with a carrier, Mr. Barkis, who travels between towns carrying people and packages in his cart. As David leaves, Peggotty bursts out of the bushes and gives him a little money, a note from his mother, and several cakes. David is nearly hysterical at being sent away. He shares the cakes with Mr. Barkis, who, on finding out that Peggotty baked them, asks David to tell her that â€Å"Barkis is willin’. † At the inn where David switches to the London coach, dinner is waiting for him under the name â€Å"Murdstone. † The waiter tricks David into giving him all his dinner and some of his money as a tip. Because it is a large dinner, David gains a reputation at the inn for having eaten a tremendous amount. The coachman and the other passengers tease David so badly that he does not eat even when they stop later to do so. As a result, David arrives in London very hungry. In London, David waits for several hours until Mr. Mell, who says he is one of the masters at Salem House, arrives to pick him up. On the way to the school, they stop at a charity home and visit an old woman who calls Mr. Mell â€Å"my Charley† and cooks David breakfast. They proceed to the school, where all the boys are on holiday. David is forced to wear a sign that identifies him as one who bites—his punishment for having bitten Mr. Murdstone. Summary — Chapter VI. I enlarge my Circle of Acquaintance Mr. Creakle, the headmaster, returns to the school and summons David. The bald, reddish Mr. Creakle, who never raises his voice above a whisper, warns David that he will beat him for any misbehavior. David is terrified of Mr. Creakle. The headmaster’s wife and daughter, however, are quiet and thin women, and David supposes that they sympathize with the boys Mr. Creakle terrorizes. Tommy Traddles, the first boy to return from holiday, befriends David, which helps David befriend the other boys as they return. James Steerforth, the most respected of the schoolboys because of his wealth, intelligence, and good looks, takes David’s money on the pretense of holding it for him. Steerforth convinces David to spend the money on a tremendous banquet, which he splits evenly among the boys in the dorm that night. David considers Steerforth to be his protector and friend but not his equal. David is submissive to Steerforth and refers to him as â€Å"sir. † Analysis — Chapters IV—VI Although some of Dickens’s characters manage to improve their social class, social hierarchies are extremely powerful in David Copperfield. For example, even though Peggotty loves David and his mother more than anyone else loves them, both mother and son always treat Peggotty as a servant. On the other and, David reveres James Steerforth, a scoundrel, largely because he is wealthy and powerful. Tommy Traddles, who is kind and gentle to David and shows him much more loyalty than Steerforth, never even comes close to attaining Steerforth’s exalted status. The other boys also naturally obey Steerforth, apparently not because he deserves their respect but because none of them can match the confidence and arrogance that stem from his class status. This social structure that the young students establish continues throughout the novel, as characters judge each other on their class status rather than their merits. Dickens depicts English social hierarchies as inevitable but acknowledges that they are not ideal. David respects the strict class system, as do most of the secondary characters. David sincerely wishes to seem genteel, enjoys commanding servants about, and draws judgments entirely on the basis of class. Nevertheless, Dickens also shows how the power relations of the class system can be inverted—most notably in the case of the servant at the inn who tricks David into giving up his meal. Likewise, Steerforth is rich yet cruel while Mr. Peggotty is poor yet good-hearted. These two characters demonstrate that Dickens does not believe that class always corresponds to moral status. On the whole, although Dickens recognizes imperfections in the English class system, he does not actively challenge it in his writing. Although Clara’s failure to protect David is disturbing, the difficult situation of her marriage provokes our sympathy and understanding. Clara does allow her husband and his sister to inflict cruelty on David, which we may find reprehensible. But at the same time, as Mr. Murdstone breaks Clara’s spirit more and more, and Miss Murdstone convinces her that she is a worthless girl in desperate need of reform, we cannot help but pity Clara. David, for his part, never condemns his mother—in fact, he displays unwavering faith in her. Ultimately, as Clara transforms from beautiful and carefree before her remarriage to beaten-down and frightened afterward, her inexperience and good intentions become clear, and she emerges as a sympathetic character. The books to which David retreats when his life at his house becomes unbearable bring an element of fantasy to Dickens’s novel and fuel David’s sense of romantic idealism. Though David Copperfield as a novel offers a realistic depiction of the harsh aspects of daily existence for women, children, and the underprivileged, David himself often romanticizes his world. He frequently gets wrapped up in a sense of adventure and high emotion. His description of events that happen to him reveals that he sees his love affairs as tempestuous and his escapades as wild and adventurous. David’s vivid imagination is both an asset and a handicap, for it simultaneously sustains him through hard times and subjects him to the treachery of those who would take advantage of a boy’s trusting nature. Chapters VII–X Summary — Chapter VII. My â€Å"first half† at Salem House School begins, and Mr. Creakle warns the boys that he will punish them severely if they fail in their lessons. He beats David with a cane on the first day. David notices that Traddles gets beaten more than the other boys because he is fat. To cheer himself up, Traddles lays his head on his desk and draws little skeletons on his slate. Steerforth and David become close when Steerforth, who suffers from insomnia, persuades David to stay up with him at night and tell him the stories David remembers from his father’s books. One day when Mr. Creakle is ill, Steerforth and Mr. Mell get into a fight, and Steerforth reveals that David has told him about visiting an old woman with Mr. Mell at the charity house. Steerforth figures out that the old woman is Mr. Mell’s mother. When Mr. Creakle comes to see what the commotion is, Steerforth tells him about Mr. Mell’s poverty. Mr. Creakle commends Steerforth and fires Mr. Mell, who, as he leaves, shows particular favor to David. Another day, Ham and Mr. Peggotty come to visit David at school. They meet Steerforth and are amused by him. Summary — Chapter VIII. My Holidays. Especially one happy Afternoon. On the day that David arrives home for the holidays, Mr. and Miss Murdstone are away. David, his mother, and Peggotty have supper and pass an evening the way they used to do before his mother remarried. David’s mother has a new child, and David loves the child dearly. The three laugh about Mr. Barkis’s proposal to Peggotty, and Peggotty vows never to leave David’s mother. Peggotty and David’s mother quarrel briefly over David’s mother’s marriage to Mr. Murdstone. David’s mother argues that Mr. Murdstone is just trying to improve her character. She feels that she should be grateful to him. David observes that Peggotty only provokes his mother so that she might feel better by providing these justifications. The next morning, David apologizes to Mr. Murdstone for biting his hand. Later, he picks up the baby. Miss Murdstone flies into a rage, telling David never to touch the child again. To David’s surprise, his mother sides with Miss Murdstone. David’s mother observes that her two children have the same eyes. Miss Murdstone shrieks that such a comparison between the wretched David and her knightly brother’s child is utterly foolish. Mr. Murdstone forces David to remain in the company of the adults, even though they never speak to him. Mr. Murdstone says that David’s habit of reading in his room is evidence of his sullenness. When David’s holiday is over, Mr. Barkis picks him up. As they drive away, David turns around and sees his mother standing in the road and holding up her child to him. Summary — Chapter IX. I have a memorable Birthday In the middle of the next term, David’s mother dies. The school sends David home, and Mr. Omer, a funeral director and general services provider, picks him up at the coach. Mr. Omer takes David to his shop, where he meets Mr. Omer’s daughter, Minnie, and her sweetheart, Mr. Joram. Mr. Joram builds David’s mother’s coffin behind the shop, and David sits through the day listening to the sounds of the hammer. Mr. Omer tells David that David’s little brother died a few days after his mother. The Omer family is quite jovial, but David sits in the shop with his head down. When David arrives home, Peggotty greets him and comforts him. Miss Murdstone only asks him if he has remembered his clothes. In retrospect, David admits that he cannot recall the order of all the events around this time, but he describes going to his mother’s funeral with the few people who attend. Afterward, Peggotty comes to him and tells him about his mother’s last moments. She says that his mother died with her head on Peggotty’s arm. Summary — Chapter X. I become Neglected, and am provided for Mr. and Miss Murdstone take no interest in David after his mother’s death. They make it clear that they want him around as little as possible. Miss Murdstone fires Peggotty, who goes home to her family. Peggotty proposes to take David with her for a visit. On the ride there, Mr. Barkis flirts with Peggotty, who asks David what he would think if she married Mr. Barkis after all. David says he thinks it is a wonderful idea. At Mr. Peggotty’s house, David finds Little Em’ly older and more beautiful than before, though she has become a bit spoiled and coy. Mr. Peggotty and Ham praise Steerforth, whom they have met at Salem House. Mr. Barkis and Peggotty get married in a private ceremony at a church one afternoon while Little Em’ly and David are out riding around. When David returns home, Mr. and Miss Murdstone completely ignore him. David falls into a state of neglect until Mr. Quinion, Mr. Murdstone’s business partner, appears. When Mr. Quinion arrives, the Murdstones arrange for David to go to London to work in the wine-bottling industry. Analysis — Chapters VII–X Mothers and mother figures in David Copperfield represent a safe harbor from the cruelty of the world. They fill this role not only for children but for adults as well. David’s mother offers him emotional support and occasional reprieve from the Murdstones’ cruelty. Peggotty takes on the role of mother figure to both David and David’s mother, as she cares for both of them when they need her help. Many of Dickens’s novels feature orphans who, lacking this important refuge from a cruel world, come across as especially pitiful characters. In David’s case, Peggotty (and later, Miss Betsey) save him from this fate. But until these mother figures are able to help him, he suffers a great deal in losing his natural mother and living with the disadvantages that motherlessness creates. Although the large cast of secondary characters in David Copperfield may seem overwhelming, these characters serve two important narrative functions: they mark the different phases of the novel and give editorial commentary about the actions of the main characters. Throughout the novel, secondary characters voice general opinions about the events involving the main characters. Because Dickens goes into such great detail in describing the lives of the main characters, the thoughts and actions of the secondary characters provide welcome breaks from the novel’s main plots. The secondary characters also alert us to transitions between the novel’s different sections, for they often appear at critical moments when the emotional intensity of the main plot is at its height. Mr. Omer, for example, appears in order to inform David of his mother and sister’s death. Moreover, the Omers’ happy family life serves as a contrast to David’s sorrow at his mother’s death. In this way, secondary characters not only comment on the novel’s main characters but also provide transitions between the novel’s different phases. In his vanity, egotism, and pride, James Steerforth acts as a foil for David’s naive innocence and wide-eyed trustfulness. David worships Steerforth, but this adoration is undeserved. We see that Steerforth’s support of David originates not from kindness but rather from a desire to increase his own importance and control over the other boys. Steerforth’s willingness to manipulate David both contrasts with and highlights David’s willingness to trust Steerforth. The only clue we have that David might suspect that Steerforth is not what he seems is David’s occasional remark that Steerforth did not bother to save him from Mr. Creakle’s punishments. It is clear to us, however, that Steerforth is bigoted and self-centered, especially in his interactions with Mr. Mell. This disparity between David’s perception of his world and our perception of it provides dramatic irony that persists throughout much of the novel. Chapters XI–XIV Summary — Chapter XI. I begin Life on my own Account, and don’t like it I wonder what they thought of me! (See Important Quotations Explained) David’s companions at Mr. Murdstone’s business dismay David. They are coarse, uneducated boys whose fathers work in blue-collar professions. David meets Mr. Micawber, a poor but genteel man who speaks in tremendous phrases and makes a great show of nobility despite his shabby appearance. Through an agreement with Mr. Murdstone, David goes to live with Mr. Micawber, his wife, and four children. The Micawbers befriend David and openly tell him of their financial troubles, each time becoming overwhelmingly upset and then recovering fully over good food and wine. David gets very little pay at his factory job and lives primarily on bread. In retrospect, David wonders what the waiters and shopkeepers must have thought of him, so independent at so young an age. At the factory, David is known as â€Å"the little gent† and gets along fine because he never complains. Eventually, Mr. Micawber’s debts overwhelm him. He is thrown into debtors’ prison, where he becomes a political figure among the inmates, lobbying to eliminate that establishment. Summary — Chapter XII. Liking Life on my own Account no better, I form a great Resolution. Mr. Micawber is released from jail and his debts are resolved. The family decides to move to look for work. David decides he will not stay in London without the Micawbers and resolves to run away to his aunt Betsey. He borrows some money from Peggotty and hires a young man to help him move his box to the coach station. Along the way, the young man steals David’s money and possessions. Summary — Chapter XIII. The Sequel of my Resolution David sells some of the clothes he is wearing in order to buy food. The shopkeepers who buy the clothes take advantage of him, and travelers abuse him on the road. David arrives at the home of his aunt, Miss Betsey Trotwood, who initially tries to send him away. When he tells her that he is her nephew, she consults with Mr. Dick, the man who lives upstairs in her home. Mr. Dick suggests that before she do anything, she give David a bath. Miss Betsey repeatedly compares David to the sister he never had and concludes that his sister would not have done the stupid things David has done. Miss Betsey is a tough, sharp woman obsessed with keeping donkeys off the grass in front of her house. She bathes and feeds David and speaks to Mr. Dick at length about David’s mother, whom she pitied very much. David is nervous about whether his aunt will keep him or will send him away. Summary — Chapter XIV. My Aunt makes up her Mind about me The next morning, Miss Betsey reveals to David that she has written Mr. Murdstone to tell him where David is. She has invited Mr. Murdstone there to discuss David’s fate. Miss Betsey sends David up to check on Mr. Dick’s progress on his Memorial, an autobiography he is trying to write. But Mr. Dick continually starts his project over from scratch because, each time, he begins to muse in the text about King Charles I, whose demons he believes possess him. Mr. Dick has an enormous kite that he promises to fly with David someday. David returns to Miss Betsey and tells her that Mr. Dick sends his compliments to her. Miss Betsey reveals that she took in Mr. Dick when his brother tried to have him placed in an asylum. Mr. and Miss Murdstone arrive on donkeys, and Miss Betsey rushes out to chase the donkeys off her lawn. The Murdstones are rude to David during their visit, and Miss Betsey scolds them and forces them to leave. Mr. Murdstone warns her that if David does not come with him immediately, he will never be able to come back again. Miss Betsey asks David what he wants to do, and he says he wants to stay with her. It is resolved that he will do so, and Miss Betsey renames him Trotwood Copperfield. Analysis — Chapters XI–XIV Dickens uses the Micawbers, who turn up periodically throughout the novel, to comment on the debtors’ prisons common in England in the 1800 s. Debtors were placed in these prisons until they were able to resolve their financial difficulties, which often took years. In the meantime, families were torn apart and suffered hardships as the imprisoned heads of households were unable to earn money to support them. Dickens himself, as a member of a family with enormous financial problems, suffered as a direct result of debtors’ prisons during his youth. Much like Mr. Micawber, Dickens’s father, for all his financial woes, could not control his spending when it came to dining and drinking. The passages involving Mr. and Mrs. Micawber are based in large part on Dickens’s own experience, as are the descriptions of David’s job at the wine-bottling factory. David’s sympathetic portrayal of Mr. Micawber suggests Dickens’s concern for the underclass and his frustration at the harsh conditions of the debtors’ prisons. The episodic, plot-heavy nature of David Copperfield stems from the fact that it was originally published as a serial, in pieces over time. Dickens inserted several mini-climaxes and resolutions and deliberately built suspense toward the end of each section in order to compel his readers to buy and read the next installment. The unnatural segmentation of David’s life into separate parts and the heavy-handed foreshadowing add to the novel’s suspense. For example, Dickens’s description of David’s life with his mother and Mr. Murdstone constitutes one self-contained section, which comprised the entire first part of the novel as it was published in serial form. The change of scene that opens the second section mirrors an internal change in David as he grows older. Because David Copperfield was written as a serial novel, it focuses in large part on plot and rarely stops to describe characters or settings in detail. The characters develop chiefly through their actions, and it is only over time that we get to know them—Dickens never includes any kind of thorough character analysis or description when he introduces a character. The novel’s serial nature also partly explains why the characters’ physical attributes match their internal characteristics. This correlation made character identification easier for readers who may have waited weeks since reading the previous installment of the novel. Ultimately, although many critics claim that Dickens’s characters are too simple and flat, this simplicity is largely the practical result of Dickens’s desire to gain new readers and keep current readers interested. When David arrives at Miss Betsey’s, the tone of the novel changes to reflect David’s increased tolerance for the harshness of his world. We see that David’s voice has lost some of its naivete and that he seems more prepared to deal with tragedy than in previous chapters. Miss Betsey plays a significant part in bringing about this change in the novel’s tone, for she both provides David with physical comfort and is herself a quirky, humorous character, which contrasts the tragic drama of the first chapters. The fact that Miss Betsey turns out not to be the imposing character that she seems to be in the opening scenes of the novel brings some relief to the dark tone of the first part of the story. Miss Betsey’s obsession with keeping donkeys off her lawn, for example, is an amusing touch that lightens the mood of the novel. Her concern about her lawn is inconsequential relative to David’s troubles, yet she takes it as seriously as David takes his struggle to survive. Miss Betsey also introduces Mr. Dick, whose optimistic, simple faith in David and Miss Betsey contrasts with the Murdstones’ dark pessimism. Unlike most of the other men in David Copperfield to this point, Mr. Dick is kind, gentle, and generous toward David—a far cry from the unforgiving Mr. Murdstone and the brutal Mr. Creakle. As we see, then, not only Miss Betsey but also the characters related to her momentarily change the tone of the novel from tragedy to comedy. Chapters XV–XVIII Summary — Chapter XV. I make another Beginning Miss Betsey proposes that David, whom she has nicknamed â€Å"Trot,† be sent to school at Canterbury. They go to Canterbury and visit Mr. Wickfield, a lawyer and a friend of Miss Betsey’s. At Mr. Wickfield’s, they meet Uriah Heep, an unattractive young redhead dressed entirely in black and skeleton-like in appearance. Uriah takes them to Mr. Wickfield, who recommends a school for David but warns that the dorms are full and that David will have to stay elsewhere. The adults agree that David can go to the school and stay with Mr. Wickfield until they find a more suitable arrangement. David meets Agnes, Mr. Wickfield’s lovely and charming daughter, who dotes on her father and is his one joy since his wife died. The three dine and have tea together. David rises in the middle of the night and encounters Uriah Heep, whose sliminess so strikes David that he feels the need to rub off Uriah’s touch after shaking his hand. Summary — Chapter XVI. I am a New Boy in more senses than one At school the next day, David meets the headmaster, Doctor Strong, and his young wife, Annie. Mr. Wickfield and Doctor Strong discuss arrangements Mr. Wickfield is trying to make for Annie’s cousin, Jack Maldon. Mr. Wickfield wants to know whether there is any particular reason that Doctor Strong wants Jack Maldon’s new job to be one that sends him out of the country. Doctor Strong assures him there is not. David is behind in his studies but quickly catches up. He makes friends with the boys at the school. At home, David speaks with Agnes, whom he finds more and more charming in her devotion to her father. One evening, at dinner, Jack Maldon interrupts the family to say that he hopes he can go abroad as soon as possible. Mr. Wickfield treats him politely but distantly and assures him that there will be no delay in getting him sent abroad. After dinner, Mr. Wickfield drinks heavily, and Agnes and David chat with him and play dominos. Mr. Wickfield offers to let David stay permanently at the house, and David gladly accepts. On his way to bed, David runs into Uriah Heep. Uriah asks him whether he is impressed with Agnes. David notes that whenever he says something that pleases Uriah, Uriah writhes like a snake. David quickly rises to the top of his class and settles in happily. One evening, he, Mr. Wickfield, and Agnes visit Doctor Strong’s home for a farewell party for Jack Maldon. Annie’s mother is there, and she encourages Doctor Strong to continue to bestow favors on her family members, who are poor and lower-class. Doctor Strong acquiesces to all her demands. When Jack Maldon leaves to depart for India, Annie becomes very emotional. As the coach pulls away, David sees one of her ribbons in Jack Maldon’s hand. Summary — Chapter XVII. Somebody turns up Peggotty writes to David and tells him that the furniture at his old house has been sold, the Murdstones have moved, and the house is for sale. David tells Miss Betsey of all the news in Peggotty’s letters when she visits him at school, as she does frequently. Mr. Dick visits even more frequently and becomes a favorite of Doctor Strong and the other school boys. Mr. Dick tells David that Miss Betsey recently had a strange nighttime encounter with a man who frightened her so badly that she fainted. Neither Mr. Dick nor David understands the encounter. Mr. Dick reports that the man appeared again the previous night, and that Miss Betsey gave him money. David goes to tea at Uriah Heep’s house, where Uriah and his mother intimidate David into telling them secrets about Agnes, especially about her father’s health and financial situation. David is very uncomfortable with the Heeps and feels that they are manipulating him. Uriah and his mother both frequently repeat that they are so humble as to be grateful for any attention from David. In the middle of tea, Mr. Micawber walks by the door. On seeing David, he enters. The two of them leave together and visit Mrs. Micawber, who is very glad to see David. The Micawbers are in terrible financial straits again, but they are quite merry over dinner nonetheless. Summary — Chapter XVIII. A Retrospect In retrospect, the adult David recounts several years in Doctor Strong’s school and his two love interests during his time there—a young girl named Miss Shepherd and an older woman named Miss Larkins. David also recalls a fistfight he had with a young arrogant butcher. Eventually, to his surprise, David rose to be the top boy at the school. When he was seventeen, he graduated. Analysis — Chapters XV–XVIII The retrospective Chapter XVIII marks the end of David’s boyhood and his entrance into the world as a man. Throughout his childhood, David’s character traits remain fairly constant. Although his life changes radically and frequently, often in cruel ways, David remains for the most part the naive, hopeful boy he is in the first chapters of the novel, when his mother is alive. As David later observes when speaking of Uriah Heep, a miserable childhood can easily turn a boy into a monster. David’s resilience, in contrast, is striking. Nonetheless, for all his pride in his growth, David remains gullible. This innocence lends a freshness to the narrative’s perspective—a freshness that has prompted many critics to label David Copperfield the finest portrayal of childhood ever written. As David grows older, he does remain somewhat simple-hearted and maintains a startling faith in humanity, but his narrative perspective does mature alongside him. David gradually leaves his childhood romanticism behind and looks at the world in more realistic terms, and the novel’s narrative tone reflects this change. Mr. Dick, who is both a man and a boy, contrasts with the other adult male characters in the novel, who tend to be harsh and gruff. In a story focused on the process of maturation, Mr. Dick is a model of a mature adult who is not jaded by the cruelties of the world. Like Miss Mowcher, who appears later in the novel, Mr. Dick might be described as a young mind in an adult body. Like a boy, he is unable to control his impulses or order his thoughts. Furthermore, as an innocent character, Mr. Dick demonstrates the power of love over cruelty within the moral framework of the novel. Mr. Dick’s love for David and Miss Betsey gives his character moral credibility throughout the novel. In the closing chapters of David Copperfield, Mr. Dick becomes heroic in his own right, demonstrating the supremacy of simplicity and gentleness over cunning and violence. In this way, he shows that craftiness does not signify maturity or adulthood—an important lesson for David as he becomes a man. At one point or another, each of the admirable adult characters in the story becomes slightly crazy, allowing Dickens to explore the relationship between intelligence and insanity. Miss Betsey’s obsession with donkeys makes her eccentric to the point of madness. Most of the characters consider Doctor Strong’s faith in Annie to be lunatic. Later, Mr. Peggotty’s faith in Little Em’ly leads some to consider him a raving madman travelling the countryside in search of his niece. Although the outside world would dismiss many of Dickens’s characters as insane, within David Copperfield, characters who are crazy are often of high moral quality. This contrast emphasizes Dickens’s rejection of the logic of the external world, which he sees as flawed. In the same way that Dickens rejects class as a marker of a good heart, he likewise rejects sanity as a marker of maturity. Instead, he focuses on the purity of his characters’ intentions and their willingness to follow their convictions. Chapters XIX–XXII Summary — Chapter XIX. I look about me, and make a Discovery David sets off on a monthlong journey to Yarmouth, to the home of Peggotty and her family, to decide what profession to pursue. He takes his leave of Agnes and Mr. Wickfield, and Doctor Strong throws a going-away party in David’s honor. At the party, Annie’s mother reveals that Jack Maldon has sent Doctor Strong a letter in which he claims that he is ill and likely to return soon on sick leave. But Annie has received another letter from Jack Maldon indicating that he wants to return because he misses her. The next morning, David leaves on the London coach and tries to appear as manly as possible. Nonetheless, the coachman asks him to resign his seat of honor to an older man. David spends the evening at an inn, where the waiter pokes fun at his youthfulness and the chambermaid gives him a pitiful room. David attends a play, returns to the inn, and discovers Steerforth in a sitting room. Steerforth is now attending Oxford but is bored by his studies and is on his way home to see his mother. David and Steerforth are happily reunited, and the inn staff immediately treat David with respect. Summary — Chapter XX. Steerforth’s Home. Steerforth persuades David to stay a few days with him at his mother’s house before going to Yarmouth. Steerforth nicknames David â€Å"Daisy,† and the two of them spend the day sightseeing before going to Steerforth’s home. There, David meets Mrs. Steerforth, Steerforth’s widowed mother, and Rosa Dartle, Steerforth’s orphaned distant cousin whom Mrs. Steerforth took in when Miss Dartle’s mother died. Mrs. Steerforth is an imposing, older, more feminine version of Steerforth, and she dotes on her son ceaselessly. Miss Dartle has a scar above her lip from a time when Steerforth, as a child, threw a hammer at her in anger. Miss Dartle views Steerforth’s and David’s words and actions with sarcasm, but both young men are drawn to her. Summary — Chapter XXI. Little Em’ly. If anyone had told me, then, that all this was a brilliant game, played for the excitement of the moment . . . in the thoughtless love of superiority . . . I wonder in what manner of receiving it my indignation would have found a vent! (See Important Quotations Explained) At Steerforth’s, David meets Littimer, Steerforth’s servant, who frightens David because he is so haughty and respectable. David persuades Steerforth to accompany him to Yarmouth to see Ham and Mr. Peggotty again and to meet Peggotty and Little Em’ly. On his way to Peggotty’s, David stops at Mr. Omer’s shop and sees Mr. Omer and his daughter, who is now married to her sweetheart. Mr. Omer tells David that Little Em’ly now works in his shop. She is a good and diligent worker, but some of the girls in town say she has earned a reputation for putting on airs and wanting to be a lady. David decides not to see Little Em’ly until later, so he continues on to Barkis’s house to find Peggotty. Peggotty does not recognize David at first, but when she does, she sobs over him for a long time. Mr. Barkis, ill but glad to see David, opens his cherished money box and gives Peggotty some money to prepare dinner for David. Steerforth arrives and entertains Peggotty and David. In retrospect, the adult David muses that if anyone had told him that night that Steerforth’s joviality and manners were all part of a game to him, born from his sense of superiority, David would have dismissed such an idea as a lie. When Steerforth and David arrive at Mr. Peggotty’s house, they find everyone, including Mrs. Gummidge, in a state of high excitement because Little Em’ly has just announced that she intends to marry Ham. After they leave, David delights in the good news, but Steerforth becomes momentarily and inexplicably sullen. Summary — Chapter XXII. Some old Scenes, and Some new People While in Yarmouth, David visits his old home and feels both pleasure and sorrow at seeing the old places. When he returns late from one such visit, he finds Steerforth alone and in a bad mood, angry that he has not had a father all these years and that he is unable to guide himself better. Steerforth tells David that he would rather even be the wretched Ham than be himself, richer and wiser. After they leave, Steerforth reveals to David that he has bought a boat to be manned by Mr. Peggotty in his absence, and he has named it â€Å"The Little Em’ly. At the inn, David and Steerforth meet Miss Mowcher, a loud and brash dwarf who cuts Steerforth’s hair as they gossip and talk of Mr. Peggotty, Ham, and Little Em’ly. When David arrives at Peggotty’s, where he is to stay for the night, he discovers Little Em’ly and Ham with Martha, a woman who used to work at Mr. Omer’s with Littl e Em’ly but fell into disgrace and came back to beg help from Little Em’ly. After Martha leaves, Little Em’ly becomes very upset and cries that she is not nearly as good a girl as she ought to be. Analysis — Chapters XIX–XXII The simple life at Yarmouth contrasts starkly with the sophisticated life at Steerforth’s home. At Steerforth’s, characters use their words and actions strategically to produce a desired effect. Littimer, for example, speaks in such a convoluted manner as to be completely opaque, while every one of Mrs. Steerforth’s actions is motivated by her sense of propriety and self-possession. At Yarmouth, on the other hand, characters say exactly what they mean and act out of a desire for harmony with each other. The contrast highlights the class distinction between the two families. The description of the families contributes to Dickens’s overall message that wealth and power do not correlate with good character, and that poverty does not necessarily indicate bad character. At home, Steerforth reveals that, at heart, he is slick, egotistical, and vain, even though David still continues to deny these tendencies in him. Mrs. Steerforth’s constant doting on her son reinforces these tendencies in Steerforth and make his self-centered nature understandable, if not justified. Though David is unaware of Steerforth’s snobbery, Steerforth belittles David from the moment they meet. Steerforth further demeans David by giving him the nickname â€Å"Daisy,† but David still is too caught up in his worship of Steerforth to see anything but his good qualities. Although Steerforth does demonstrate some thoughtfulness at Yarmouth, as when he tells David that he wishes he could be more focused, his self-reflective mood passes as quickly as it appears. David ignores Steerforth’s insults, as well as the fact that Mrs. Steerforth likes David only because he adores her son. Even when Steerforth begins to confide in David about his own insecurities, David views him as a superior being in whom all faults are positive attributes. David’s idolization of Steerforth makes him incapable of seeing the true nature of his false friend, even when Steerforth’s bad side is most exposed. David attains greater consciousness of romantic love as his character develops. At this stage, David’s feelings of love are still impetuous and adolescent. His frivolous infatuations mirror many of the romantic relationships he sees in his life around him, like that between Annie Strong and Jack Maldon. Although David’s experience of love is not yet as deep as it is later in the novel, he is increasingly aware of others’ romantic relationships. He observes the affair between Jack Maldon and Annie Strong, as well as the unfolding of the love affair between Mr. Orem’s daughter and her sweetheart. As David awakens to romantic love, his narrative focuses more and more on the emotional relationships between characters. Chapters XXIII–XXVI Summary — Chapter XXIII. I corroborate Mr. Dick, and choose a Profession David determines not to tell Steerforth about Little Em’ly’s outburst the night before because he loves Little Em’ly and believes that she did not mean to reveal to him so much about herself. David also tells Steerforth, as they are on their way home by coach, about a letter he has received from Miss Betsey suggesting that he become a proctor (a kind of attorney). Steerforth thinks that the profession of proctor would suit David well, and David agrees. When David arrives in London, he meets up with Miss Betsey, who has traveled to London to see him. She is very concerned that Mr. Dick, whom she has left behind at home, will not be able to keep the donkeys off her yard. Miss Betsey and David eventually resolve that David will become a proctor, despite his protestations that it is expensive to do so. On their way to establish David at the Doctors’ Commons (the place where the proctors hold court and offices), a man who looks like a beggar approaches them, and Miss Betsey jumps into a cab with him. When she returns, David notices that she has given the man most of her money. David is very disturbed, but Miss Betsey makes him swear never to mention the event again. They go to the offices of Spenlow and Jorkins, where Mr. Spenlow agrees to engage David as a clerk. Afterward, they find lodgings for David with Mrs. Crupp, an old landlady who promises to take care of David as though he were her own son. Summary — Chapter XXIV. My first Dissipation Although David is thrilled with his new accommodations, he gets lonely at night, and Steerforth is away at Oxford with his friends. David goes to Steerforth’s home and visits Mrs. Steerforth and Miss Dartle, who talk glowingly about Steerforth all day. Finally, Steerforth returns. He and David plan to have a dinner party in David’s rooms with two of Steerforth’s friends. David goes overboard in preparing for the party and then drinks himself into illness. While very drunk, he goes with Steerforth and company to the theater, where he runs into Agnes, who makes him go home. The next day he is hungover and humiliated. Summary — Chapter XXV. Good and bad Angels Agnes sends for David, and he goes to visit her where she is staying in London. She warns him that Steerforth is his â€Å"bad Angel,† that he should avoid Steerforth and be cautious of Steerforth’s influence. David disagrees, but the idea rankles him and disturbs his image of Steerforth. Agnes also delivers the bad news that Uriah Heep has insinuated himself into a partnership with her father, Mr. Wickfield. Both she and David are very distressed over this occurrence. At a dinner party at the home where Agnes is staying, David runs into Tommy Traddles, his friend from Salem House, and Uriah Heep. Uriah attaches himself to David and accompanies him home. In an unpleasant conversation, Uriah reveals to David his intention to marry Agnes. Uriah insists on sleeping the night on the floor in front of David’s fire. David gets no sleep with Uriah’s evil presence in his apartment. Summary — Chapter XXVI. I fall into Captivity Mr. Spenlow, David’s supervisor at the Doctors’ Commons, invites David to his home for the weekend. There, David meets Dora, Mr. Spenlow’s daughter, and falls in love with her. David also runs into Miss Murdstone, whom Mr. Spenlow has retained as a companion for his daughter ever since her mother died. Miss Murdstone pulls David aside and suggests they forget their difficult past relationship with each other. David agrees. One morning, he meets Dora out in the garden, where she is walking with her little dog. They have a conversation that cements David’s romantic obsession with her. When David returns home, Mrs. Crupp immediately suspects that he has fallen in love. She tells him to cheer up and go out and think of other things. Analysis — Chapters XXIII–XXVI Of all the characters in the novel, Agnes and Steerforth have the greatest influence over David, but their influences pull in opposite directions. While Agnes represents David’s â€Å"good Angel,† his conscience and his dependability, Steerforth urges David to take risks, drink too much, and be critical of the people around him. Agnes represents calm, considered reflection. Her energy is always directed, peaceful, and quiet. Steerforth, by contrast, is noisy, brash, and idle. While Agnes stays at home because her father needs her assistance, Steerforth gallivants all over the countryside pleasing himself. Whereas Agnes encourages David to take the correct path for the sake of morality, Steerforth insists on spending money and commanding servants around at his will. In this manner, Agnes and Steerforth pull David in different directions throughout the novel, forcing him to choose between good and bad. David experiences his first moral dilemma when Agnes’s influence comes into direct conflict with Steerforth’s. After seeing David drunk at the theater, Agnes suggests that he should shun Steerforth’s company because it makes him do foolish things. This suggestion throws David into a conundrum about which person he should trust. He is not yet mature enough to reject Steerforth’s seductive charisma in favor of Agnes’s quiet, contemplative love. Although Agnes wins his heart in the end, it takes her a long time, and it is difficult for David to free himself from Steerforth’s hold. Only when David gains control of his own emotions does he fully appreciate Agnes and choose her over Steerforth. As we see, Agnes and Steerforth not only exert opposite effects on David but also require him to assert his identity by choosing between them. Although David has grown since the start of the novel, he continues to be immature, naive, and unable to control his emotions as he takes his first steps into the adult world. David’s tendency to become obsessed with young women, along with his drunkenness at Steerforth’s dinner party, demonstrate that he does not yet have power over his emotional side. Perhaps the most telling mark of David’s fickle nature is his love affair with Dora, which starts the moment he sees her, quickly develops into an obsession, and remains with him, even though he knows that she is too foolish and frivolous ever to make an appropriate wife. The love affair has many moments of tension, for every time David tries to persuade Dora to be reasonable, she accuses him of being cruel or naughty and makes him leave her alone. Despite these barriers and warning signs, David loves Dora desperately. His willingness to throw himself into such an unrealistic love affair reveals that his emotions are still naive. Chapters XXVII–XXX Summary — Chapter XXVII. Tommy Traddles David decides to visit Tommy Traddles, who, he discovers when he arrives, lives in the same building as the Micawbers. Traddles is studying for the bar. His apartment and furniture are extremely shabby, and he is struggling to earn enough money to marry his true love, who has sworn to wait for him to save the money. In the meantime, Traddles has collected two pieces of furniture, a flowerpot, and a small table. Mr. Micawber, meanwhile, is in dire financial trouble again, although he still hopes to find work soon. Mrs. Micawber is pregnant again. Summary — Chapter XXVIII. Mr. Micawber’s Gauntlet â€Å"Ride over all obstacles, and win the race! † (See Important Quotations Explained) Mr. and Mrs. Micawber and Traddles come to dinner at David’s apartment. Mrs. Crupp agrees, after a good deal of argument, to cook dinner for them. The dinner is terribly undercooked, but Mrs. Micawber directs them all in re-cooking the meat. They enjoy themselves as they cook and eat. Steerforth’s servant, Littimer, arrives and asks David whether he has seen Steerforth. David replies that he has not. Littimer will not tell David why he thought Steerforth might be at his house, nor will he tell him where Steerforth has been. However, Littimer insists on serving the remainder of the meal, which makes everyone uncomfortable. After Littimer leaves, the guests continue to have a merry time. They discuss Mr. Micawber’s prospects in the brewing business and conclude that they are very good. As his friends leave, David suggests to Traddles that he neither lend anything to Mr. Micawber nor allow Micawber to use Traddles’s name to take out more credit. Traddles says he has already lent Mr. Micawber his name and adds that Mr. Micawber says that the bill is taken care of. Skeptical, David reflects that he is very glad Mr. Micawber never asked him for any money. Steerforth appears in David’s apartment immediately after the others leave, and David tells him Traddles has just left. Steerforth does not speak highly of Traddles, and David is slightly offended. Steerforth reveals that he has been seafaring at Yarmouth. David tells him that Littimer has just been at the apartment looking for him. Steerforth says that Mr. Barkis is quite ill and delivers a letter from Peggotty to David. Steerforth remarks that it is too bad that Mr. Barkis is dying, but says that above all, a man must â€Å"[r]ide over all obstacles, and win the race! † avid resolves to go visit Peggotty, but Steerforth persuades David to accompany him to his mother’s house before going to Yarmouth. As David undresses, he discovers a letter Mr. Micawber gave him as he left. It says that Mr. Micawber has not taken care of the debt he secured in Traddles’s name. Summary — Chapter XXIX. I visit Steerforth at his Home, again At Steerforth’s home, David spends the day with Miss Dartle and Mrs. Steerforth. Miss Dartle asks David why he has been keeping Steerforth away from his mother. David assures her that he has not been with Steerforth in the past several weeks. Miss Dartle seems very disturbed at this news. At dinner, Miss Dartle says that if Steerforth and his mother were ever to quarrel, their fight would be especially bitter because neither of them would want to give in to the other. However, Mrs. Steerforth assures Miss Dartle that she and her son are too conscious of their duty to each other ever to quarrel. At the end of the day, Steerforth begs David to promise that if anything ever separates them, David will remember him at his best. David promises. As he leaves, he looks in on the sleeping Steerforth. In retrospect, the adult David muses that he wishes he could have kept Steerforth just as he was at that moment, so that none of what was to come ever would have happened. Summary — Chapter XXX. A Loss When David arrives at Yarmouth, he visits Mr. Omer, who tells him that Little Em’ly has not seemed herself recently. Mr. Omer also says that Martha, a friend of Little Em’ly’s, has been missing since David was last in Yarmouth. David goes to Peggotty’s house, where Mr. Peggotty and Little Em’ly are sitting in the kitchen, helping Peggotty. David learns that Mr. Barkis is unconscious and expected to die very soon. Mr. Peggotty says that Mr. Barkis will die with the receding tide. Little Em’ly seems unusually upset and hardly raises her eyes to say hello to David. Mr. Barkis dies as the tide recedes. Analysis — Chapters XXVII–XXX In this section, Dickens builds suspense about Steerforth’s future by conveying secondary characters’ speculations about Steerforth’s mysterious absence and by using David’s narrative voice to imply that their friendship will soon reach a crucial point. The suspense is heightened by the fact that we take note of Steerforth’s conspicuous absence far more than David, who is too busy with his new life in London and his love for Dora to notice that Steerforth has been gone. Littimer’s appearance at the dinner party highlights Steerforth’s absence and raises questions about him. Moreover, Steerforth himself behaves secretively and does not indicate why he is agitated. Finally, the adult David’s reflection on his last moments with Steerforth is particularly effective in creating suspense because the adult David has full knowledge of what has happened between himself and Steerforth but deliberately chooses not to reveal this information to us. The suspenseful mood of these chapters contrasts with the young David’s ignorance of coming events and with his jovial comportment with his friends. Dickens uses sea imagery in connection with Mr. Peggotty to imply that Mr. Peggotty has mystical, unknown powers. In addition to spending much of his time fishing at sea, Mr. Peggotty lives in a boat near the water with Little Em’ly and Ham, two children whose parents lost their lives to the sea. For Mr. Peggotty, the sea both provides sustenance for life and represents a force that can take life away. His correct prediction that Mr. Barkis will die with the outgoing tide suggests that Mr. Peggotty gleans information from the sea that other characters cannot access. In this section of the novel, it seems that the sea allows Mr. Peggotty to understand and deal with death, unlike less mystical characters such as David, who feel confused and upset upon the death of Mr. Barkis. The contrast between Traddles and Steerforth in this section underscores Steerforth’s fickle nature. The two young men are physical and emotional opposites: Traddles is the fat and wimpy boy at school while Steerforth is beautiful and heroic. Yet the true nature of these characters lies beneath the contrasting exteriors. Traddles, despite his shabby appearance, is generous and loyal, both at Salem House and here, when he encounters David in London. In contrast, Steerforth, though handsome, is self-centered and disloyal. Although earlier Steerforth supports Traddles and David equally at Salem House, his derision of Traddles now raises questions about the sincerity of his friendship with David. Dickens draws out the contrast between Traddles and Steerforth in subsequent chapters, always to Traddles’s advantage. By doing so, he forces us to question Steerforth’s character and David’s relationship with him. David’s defense of Traddles in the face of Steerforth’s insults represents a major step in David’s coming of age. David has long seen Steerforth as a hero and has esteemed Steerforth’s every word and action while blinding himself to Steerforth’s faults. Now, however, David’s willingness to defend Traddles against Steerforth indicates that he is beginning to form opinions independently of Steerforth. David has also begun to see the good in the poverty-stricken and somewhat ridiculous Traddles. This new independence of thought and this ability to see beyond class and convention to the real good in people are crucial elements of David’s maturation. Though it eventually takes a traumatic event to make David see the bad in Steerforth, his ability to see the good in Traddles is an important first step. Chapters XXXI–XXXIV Summary — Chapter XXXI. A greater Loss After Mr. Barkis’s death, David stays in Yarmouth to help Peggotty arrange her affairs. He discovers that Mr. Barkis has left Peggotty a sizable inheritance and has also left money for Mr. Peg How to cite David Copperfield (Sparknotes), Essay examples

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Falls from height Crushing by machinery and equipment Stroke (impact) of object Injury of electric current Explosion Burning Dr. Eng. Lachezar Hrischev, PhD Lecturer Dr. Eng. Lachezar Hrischev, PhD 1 Course â€Å"Health and safety in construction† Accidents on 30 year period in the countries, Members of the EU Transport accidents Injury of electric current Falls from height Machinery Stroke (impact) of object Falls from height = 43% from fatal accidents in construction Stroke (impact) of object = 12% from fatal accidents in construction Lecturer Dr. Eng. Lachezar Hrischev, PhD 2 Course â€Å"Health and safety in construction† Work with big machineries = 11% from fatal accidents in construction Transport accidents on the building site = 8% from fatal accidents in construction Earth works and excavations = 5% from fatal accidents in construction Lecturer Dr. Eng. Lachezar Hrischev, PhD 3 Course â€Å"Health and safety in construction† Injury of electric current = 4% from fatal accidents in construction 1. Definition for labor accidents: 1. All sudden or unexpected health injuries , that happened during, or in connection with the work process, or in the interest of the company, which have caused disability or death. We will write a custom essay sample on Work or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 1. 2 Labor accident is an accident happened during the normal time on the way to the working place or: Return back home, or to the habitual place of residence or other location with additional permanent character; The place where the worker eats or usually has his lunch or; The place where the worker receives his salary. It is not a labor accident, when the victim is intentionally damaged his own health. Dr. Eng. Lachezar Hrischev, PhD 2. Procedure in case of labor accident: 2. 1. The immediate superior should be notified without delay. A report must be drawn up and this report must contain following elements: The employer of the injured persons; The names of the injured persons; The place and the time of the accident; The witnesses of the accident the person who gave first aid; Dr. Eng. Lachezar Hrischev, PhD Lecturer Dr. Eng. Lachezar Hrischev, PhD 4 Course â€Å"Health and safety in construction† A report must be drawn up and this report must contain following elements: What was the task of the workers; What kind of operations have performed the injured persons exactly; Which normal operations have been performed wrong; What kind of damages have been caused; Which violations of the rules have been made; Persons who tolerated the violations; Necessary measurements for avoidance similar cases. Dr. Eng. Lachezar Hrischev, PhD 2. Statement of labor accident: The employer is obliged to declare about the labor accident before the social security institutions within 3 working days; The injured person may declare about the labor accident within 1 year after the accident. Dr. Eng. Lachezar Hrischev, PhD 3. Investigation of labor accident The accident has to be investigated by authorized experts of the Social security institute; The investigation has to establish all the facts and details, that might help to define the character of the accident. The injured person may attend, or he may show persons to attend the investigation. Dr. Eng. Lachezar Hrischev, PhD Lecturer Dr. Eng. Lachezar Hrischev, PhD 5 Course â€Å"Health and safety in construction† A report has to be drawn up. Copies of the record are to be given to the injured person or his heirs and to the employer as well. There is a definite term to appeal against the protocol. Dr. Eng. Lachezar Hrischev, PhD Lecturer Dr. Eng. Lachezar Hrischev, PhD 6 Course â€Å"Health and safety in construction† Parameters of the working environment and their influence on the human body. Complex assessment of the labor conditions. Dr. Eng. Lachezar Hrischev, PhD Content: 1. Production microenvironment 2. Production dust 3. Production Noise 4. Vibrations Vibrations 5. Lighting Dr. Eng. Lachezar Hrischev, PhD 1. Production microenvironment 1. 1. Definition – it is the complex influence of the temperature , the humidity, the speed of the air movement and the outer temperature of the building facilities and equipment. 1. 2. Limits of the microenvironment Air temperature – between 16 up to 32 ? C; Speed of the air movement – bet. 0,2 up to 0,5 m/s; Relative air humidity up to 70 %; Temperature of surfaces at the working place – bet. 13 up to 25 ? C. Lecturer Dr. Eng. Lachezar Hrischev, PhD 7 Course â€Å"Health and safety in construction† 1. 3. Kinds of production microenvironment Overheat microenvironment; Freeze microenvironment; Steady microenvironment; Dynamic microenvironment; Radiation microenvironment . 1. 4. Methods for improvement the industrial microenvironment: 1. 4. 1. echnological methods and means – use of modern machines and means which separate minimal humidity and heat, insulated or hermetically sealed machines or cabins, separating heat or freeze. 1. 4. 2. Technical methods and means – the machines and equipments which separate heat or freeze have to be moved to another premises; use of suitable personal working wear and personal means for protection ; use of means for joint protection. 1. 4. 3. Prophylactic preventing methods – current medical examinations, creating a suitable food and drinking regime, suitable diet, physiological regime of labor and rest. Dr. Eng. Lachezar Hrischev, PhD 2. Production dust Dust – very small parts or fractions of hard or fluid substance, which is available in the air. In construction the production dust is a result of various processes like cutting, grinding, polishing, working with sand blasting machines, demolishing of buildings, unloading of materials, ready-made of dry mixtures or blends. 2. 1. Classification of the parts as per their extent of dispersion: Dust – parts bigger than 0,1 mm; Cloud – parts from 0,1 mm to 0,001 mm; Smog – parts less than 0,001 mm Lecturer Dr. Eng. Lachezar Hrischev, PhD 8 Course â€Å"Health and safety in construction† 2. 2. Classification of the parts as per their substance Organic dust – wool, bone-meal, bacteria, vegetable dusts; Mineral dust – ore, rock, stone, quartz, glass, glass wadding; Mixed. 2. 3. Bad and unhealthy influence of the dust – it appears in form of damages on the skin, lacrimal discomfort of the eyes (tears in the eyes), discomfort and problems in the respiratory organs, toxic and chemical influence. . 4. Methods for reduction the unhealthy influence of the dust Hermetic performance of all processes, connected with separating of dust; Change all dry processes of extraction and production with wet processes; Use of suction systems or suction pumps; Current cleaning of the floor the machines and the equipment; Use of special working wear, dust resisting wear, masks, protective glasses, hats, gloves Use of warm showers. Lecturer Dr. Eng. Lachezar Hrischev, PhD 9 Course â€Å"Health and safety in construction† 3. Production Noise 3. 1. Definition – it is a combination of sounds, with different frequency and intensity, that causes bad and unhealthy influence on the human body. 3. 2. Kinds of noise: Mechanical – friction, strike and other caused of machines; Gas dynamic and hydrodynamic – cause of pipelines and others. 3. 3. Standarts and limits tolerating the production noise: For industrial premises up to 85 dBA; For intellectual work – up to 40 dBA; For offices and desk work up to 55 dBA 3. 4. Means for protection of the noise: Means for joint protection: insulating shields and walls, rational arrangement screens; suitable positioning of the working places; Means for personal protection: outer antiphons, inner (internal) antiphons, noise resistant helmets. Lecturer Dr. Eng. Lachezar Hrischev, PhD 10 Course â€Å"Health and safety in construction† 3. 5. Actions which the employer must undertake when the lower action level is exceeded are inform, instruct and train employees on the hearing risks; supply hearing protection to those employees requesting it; ensure that any equipment or arrangements, provided under the Regulations are correctly used or implemented. The main purpose of the Noise Regulations is to control noise levels rather than measure them. Better to control noise at source rather than wear ear protection. The additional measures which the employer must take if the upper action level is reached are: reduce and control exposure to noise by means other than hearing protection; establish hearing protection zones, marked by notices and ensure that anybody entering the zone is wearing hearing protection; supply hearing protection and ensure that it is worn. 3. 6. Noise control techniques In addition to reduced time exposure of employees to the noise source, there is a simple hierarchy of control techniques: reduction of noise at source; reduction of noise levels received by the employee (known as attenuation); personal protective equipment which should only be used when the above two remedies are insufficient. Dr. Eng. Lachezar Hrischev, PhD Lecturer Dr. Eng. Lachezar Hrischev, PhD 11 Course â€Å"Health and safety in construction† 3. 6. Noise control techniques In addition to reduced time exposure of employees to the noise source, there is a simple hierarchy of control techniques: reduction of noise at source; reduction of noise levels received by the employee (known as attenuation); personal protective equipment which should only be used when the above two remedies are insufficient. Dr. Eng. Lachezar Hrischev, PhD 4. Vibrations Vibrations 4. 1. Definition the mechanical vibrations of the various bodies under the influence of external forces. 4. 2. Types of vibration: Low frequency – up to 30 Hz; Average frequency – up to 100 Hz; High frequency – over 100 Hz. CAUTION: Human body organs have their own low frequency and the continues influence of low frequency vibrations could obtain internal ruptures in the body. Lecturer Dr. Eng. Lachezar Hrischev, PhD 12 Course â€Å"Health and safety in construction† 4. 3 Sources of vibration percussion (hammer), drilling technique, hand vibrators, compressors, excavators, bulldozers, Petrol chainsaw and others. 4. 4 Means and safe methods: To use tools with less vibration; Machines nd equipment to be installed on separate foundations; Hand tools should be equipped with ergonomic handles, that reduce considerably vibrations; To use personal protective equipment, which protect or reduces considerably vibrations (gloves); Providing a rational regime of work and rest. 5. Lighting 5. 1. Types: Natural top, side, combined; Artificial Working evacuation. Go od lighting is obtained when the relation between glass surface area and floor is at least 1:8, and a relation 1:4 in is a very good one. . 2. Measurement. Luminosity is measured in lux (lx), the very measurement is performed with luxmeter. The experts have to compare the already measured values with the normative regulation. Lecturer Dr. Eng. Lachezar Hrischev, PhD 13 Course â€Å"Health and safety in construction† Workplace or type of work Warehouses and stores General factories or workshops Offices Drawing offices (detailed work) Fine working (ceramics or textiles) Very fine work (watch repairs or engraving) Luminosity (lx) 150 300 500 700 1000 1400 5. Requirements and maintenance workplaces Providing the workplaces with sufficient natural and artificial lighting to create safe working conditions, according legal rules; Cleaning of luminaries; Cleaning windows, walls and ceilings; The color of the walls and ceiling should be white or light; Replacement of damaged light ing. Lecturer Dr. Eng. Lachezar Hrischev, PhD 14 Course â€Å"Health and safety in construction† Functions and duties of officials (safety managers) in organizing protection and prevention of occupational risks in the companies Dr. Eng. Lachezar Hrischev, PhD 1. Official status of Health and Safety officials. officials. Health and Safety Officials (Health and Safety Organs at work or Safety Manager) are appointed or nominated by the employer. Health and Safety Officials are: the Safety Authority (Employer Representative), members of Health and safety group (or Health and Safety Committee), composed of employees and workers in the company. Health and Safety Organs at Work (Safety Manager) support the employer in the performance of his duties to ensure health and safety conditions at working place. Dr. Eng. Lachezar Hrischev, PhD 2. Main functions of the Health and Safety officials: to organize and to coordinate all activities for ensuring Health and safety working conditions; to advise and to support the employer and other officials in their efforts for ensuring health and safety conditions in the organization of the labor activities; to establish control on behalf of the employer in order workers and employees to respect the legal requirements and duties; to propose and to apply measures for avoidance violations of norms and requirements or defaults. Lecturer Dr. Eng. Lachezar Hrischev, PhD 15 Course â€Å"Health and safety in construction† 3. Tasks of the Health and Safety officials at Work: organize and participate in the working out rules for the internal labor order; organize and participate in the establishment and assessment of occupational hazards; organize the developing of projects, programs and specific measures to prevent risk to life and health of employees; Dr. Eng. Lachezar Hrischev, PhD examine the opportunities and quality of services provided by occupational health centers, research laboratories, training centers, etc. and if necessary prepare proposals for contracts; cooperate and assist the occupational health services in the performance of their functions and tasks; required by the relevant officials to create such organization that provides health and safety labor conditions; take measures for coordinate actions, when workers from different companies work together; Dr. Eng. Lachezar Hrischev, PhD require the introduction of joint protection facilities and provision of appropriate personal protective equipment when there is risk that can not be prevented; organize and participate in the developing of companie’s health and safety rules at work; organize the preparation of accidental action plans for emergencies or extraordinary situations; organize and participate in the development and implementation of programs for training, retraining and instruction; Dr. Eng. Lachezar Hrischev, PhD Lecturer Dr. Eng. Lachezar Hrischev, PhD 16 Course â€Å"Health and safety in construction† organize and participate in the investigation of work accidents; consult officials, employees in applying the rules for health and safety working conditions; organize and maintain proper keeping the records and documentation, required by the regulations; co-operate with Fire fighting departments, Civil Protection Authorities, Hygiene Authorities and regional Labour Inspectorates; Dr. Eng. Lachezar Hrischev, PhD in cases when violations of the rules are established they prescribed measures to the officials to remedy the violations; upon violations or defaults they inform the employer and propose appropriate measures, including sanctions against guilty officials; for violations or failure to fulfill obligations the authorities for safe and health inform the employer and propose appropriate measures, including sanctions against guilty officials. Dr. Eng. Lachezar Hrischev, PhD Lecturer Dr. Eng. Lachezar Hrischev, PhD 17 Course â€Å"Health and safety in construction† Organization and management of safety, health and environmental labor conditions in construction in the process of designing and building Dr. Eng. Lachezar Hrischev, PhD 1. Normative documents 2004 The Commission of the EC has approved a report for practical execution of the Framework directive 89/391 EC, for creating of healthy and safety conditions at the working place, together with more 5 separate directives. They are: 1) Directive 89/654 EC for minimal requirements for health and safety at the working place; 2) Directive 89/655 EC for minimal requirements at use of the industrial equipment; 3) Directive 89/656 for safety at use of personal safety means; 4) Directive 90/269 for minimal requirements at manual operations of goods and 5)Directive 90/270 for safety at work with video display. To these main Directives we have to add also Directive 92/57 EC for safety of the workers at temporary and provisional working sites, and at mobile sites. Both kind of platforms are typical in construction. Next is Directive 92/58 EC for providing symbols for safety at working place. Dr. Eng. Lachezar Hrischev, PhD Lecturer Dr. Eng. Lachezar Hrischev, PhD 18 Course â€Å"Health and safety in construction† 2. Implementation the requirement for providing safe working conditions in construction. . 1. In the process of designing: Obligatory preparation of plan for safety and health as an integral part of the investment project; The Investor nominates a Coordinator for safety and health during the design; The display (usually at the entrance of the site) an Information plate; Increasing (Improving) requirements for the preparation of safety instructions during the execution (performance, implementation) of construction; The Investor (Client or his representative) is obliged to guarantee compliance through the assessment according to the Law on Special Planning that: + The project meets all safety requirements and all installations are clearly indicated in the project; +The project is coordinated and approved by all interested agencies and persons; + All future changes will be coordinated, as appropriate, without breaking the Law for Organization of the Area. Dr. Eng. Lachezar Hrischev, PhD Lecturer Dr. Eng. Lachezar Hrischev, PhD 19 Course â€Å"Health and safety in construction† 2. 2 In the process of construction: The Investor nominated a Coordinator safety and health during construction; The Coordinator informs all involved persons in the building process with the requirements of the Law for safe working conditions and take measures for their observance; Before starting the construction the Assignor informs the Regional Labor Inspectorate about his investment intentions and sends a copy of the Information plate. Dr. Eng. Lachezar Hrischev, PhD Obligation of the Employer in compliance with the principles of safety and health when planning, design, preparation and execution of investment project; Obligations of the Coordinator of Safety and Health for the executive phase of construction to implement (apply) the principles of precaution and safety in accordance with the legal requirements; Obligations of the Builder (Construction company) to ensure complete and safe working conditions for all workers , including subcontractors and self employed persons. Theses Obligations include instruction, training and improving knowledge of safe working conditions for the workers and avoiding pollution and environmental damage and fire safety as well; Obligations of the technical manager and the foreman concerning the implementation and monitoring for the requirements for safety rules at the workplace and the firefighting rules; Lecturer Dr. Eng. Lachezar Hrischev, PhD 20 Course â€Å"Health and safety in construction† Obligations of the consulting company on security and control requirements for safe working conditions, environmental protection and fire safety. safety. Control over abiding by the laws, rules and regulations for Safety and Health. The control Health. should be executed by the firefighting and firefighting environmental authorities of the Labour Inspectorate, Environmental Agency and the Environmental Municipality. unicipality. Lecturer Dr. Eng. Lachezar Hrischev, PhD 21 Course â€Å"Health and safety in constructionâ₠¬  Duties of Employer (Contractor) and of employees to ensure health and safety working conditions Dr. Eng. Lachezar Hrischev, PhD The main Directives in construction is Directive 92/57 EC for safety of the workers at temporary and provisional working sites, and at mobile sites. Definitions: Definitions: (a) temporary or mobile construction sites (construction sites) means any construction site at which building or civil engineering works are carried out; (b) client means any natural or legal person for whom a project is carried out; Definitions: Definitions: (c) project supervisor means any natural or legal person responsible for the design and/or execution and/or supervision of the execution of a project, acting on behalf of the client; (d) coordinator for safety and health means any natural or legal person entrusted by the client and/or project supervisor, during preparation of the project design, during execution of the project Dr. Eng. Lachezar Hrischev, PhD Lecturer Dr. Eng. Lachezar Hrischev, PhD 22 Course â€Å"Health and safety in construction† The duties for ensuring HS working conditions are in accordance with European regulations for providing occupational safety. 1. Companies and individuals, who employ workers and employees on labor contract and self-employed workers as well, are obliged to provide HS working conditions for all the workers on the site and for all other persons situated on the site, or near the working site on another occasion. These duties concern also the persons subject of training and student practice in all its forms. Dr. Eng. Lachezar Hrischev, PhD 2. Duties of the Employer apply in cases, when HS activities are carried out by other organs,or persons contracted to perform. 3. The Employer is obliged: to assess risk; to provide measures for avoiding risk or ensuring safety; to provide special protection for workers who need. This category includes workers with chronic diseases, pregnant, suffering from occupational diseases; Dr. Eng. Lachezar Hrischev, PhD to organize the monitoring of the implementation in construction; not to allow workers who are not trained, instructed and equipped; to coordinate the provision of health and safety when on site are working workers of other employers; to provide resources for implementation of all measures for ensuring health and safety; to provide maintenance of services for labor medicine; to provide appropriate training in health and safety for each worker. Dr. Eng. Lachezar Hrischev, PhD Lecturer Dr. Eng. Lachezar Hrischev, PhD 23 Course â€Å"Health and safety in construction† 4. Persons who work for their own account or in association with others should assess risks health and safety. 5. Duties of employees in respect of HS: to use correct the equipment, tools, substances, materials and the other equipment; to use correct personal protective equipment and special clothing; to use the correct tool for collective protection; Dr. Eng. Lachezar Hrischev, PhD immediately to inform the employer about any health hazard and about all faults or all problems in collective protection means; to assist the employer and the supervisory authorities to implement measures for HS; to restore immediate remedies and signaling or to take other measures with the same efficiency. 6. Duties of the Contractor 6. 1. The Contractor must: assess risk during the construction activity; display an information board at the . 2. The Contractor must ensure: technological sequence and terms, according to the HS plans; complete health and safety for all workers, including subcontractors and self employed workers; maintenance updating of health and safety instructions; instruction, training and qualification of workers; the necessary protective equipment and clothing, depending on the existing occupational risks; Dr. Eng. Lachezar Hrischev, PhD Lecturer Dr. Eng. Lachezar Hrischev, PhD 24 Course â€Å"Health and safety in construction† filing, storage and reporting the performed tests of the facilities and work equipment and control the permanent removal of the defects; the necessary sanitary household premises, hygiene premises , fire safety premises and emergency premises during construction; Maintenance of order and cleanliness on the site and in the storages; Collection, storage and transportation of waste and scrap; Dr. Eng. Lachezar Hrischev, PhD Adapting the stages and / or types of construction works to reality; Ability at any time to provide first aid in case of accident, fire, disaster or emergency; If necessary to develop and approve internal documents for provision of HS, conformed with the specific conditions ; Contractor does not to allow operations outside the construction site and where it is necessary the Constructor should make a special instruction for such operations; Dr. Eng. Lachezar Hrischev, PhD Constructor should determine in th e job description the duties and the responsibilities of the employees regarding HS in order to avoid the risk in the working process; Constructor is responsible for pollution or environmental damages in the construction activities; Constructor has to organize an internal system of examinations, control and assessment of HS status of all workers; Constructor determine persons responsible for implementing measures for first aid in case of disasters, accidents and fires and for evacuation. Lecturer Dr. Eng. Lachezar Hrischev, PhD 25 Course â€Å"Health and safety in construction† Training and instruction of workers and staff safety, hygiene labor and fire safety Dr. Eng. Lachezar Hrischev, PhD 1. Training Health and Safety at Work. 1. Training Work. 1. 1. Persons subject to training: Officials who run and manage work processes; Persons nominated by the employer to manage the instructions on health and safety at work; Members of labor conditions committee; Employees or workers whose job is associated with the use, care and maintenance of machines, and requires license for work; Employees or workers engaged in activities which may create hazard to their or others health and life. . 2. Training process: Training Health and Safety at Work is conducted in accordance with programs, approved by the employer, at the following intervals: Official managing the labour processes minimum once in every two years with duration not less than 6 academical hours; Officials managing the labour processes minimum once in every two years with duration not less than 6 academ ical hours; Dr. Eng. Lachezar Hrischev, PhD Lecturer Dr. Eng. Lachezar Hrischev, PhD 26 Course â€Å"Health and safety in construction† The officials of Health and safety in the companies and persons, nominated by the employer, to manage the instructions minimum once a year with horarium not less than 6 hours; -For the members of labor conditions committee initial training classes with a total horarium not less than 30 hours, the annual training of representatives has a duration of not less than 6 hours teaching. Dr. Eng. Lachezar Hrischev, PhD 2. Instruction on Health and Safety at Work 2. 1. Kinds of instructions Initial; At the working place Periodic Daily Extraordinary Dr. Eng. Lachezar Hrischev, PhD The employer should provide instructions for any worker as well as to: Workers offered by a company, that provides temporary employment; Workers or employees sent on business Workers from other companies, that will work on the site of the company Persons accepted for training or qualification; Persons that is held manufacturing practice; All others visiting the manufacturing units of the company, guests etc. Dr. Eng. Lachezar Hrischev, PhD Lecturer Dr. Eng. Lachezar Hrischev, PhD 7 Course â€Å"Health and safety in construction† 2. 2. Instructed persons and content of the instructions Initial instruction takes place on those who start the work for the first time as well as individuals who hold manufacturing practice. The purpose of this instruction is the workers to be familiar with: The basic rules and requirements for health and safety at work in the company; Type and nature of the performed work; Specific dangers and risks to life an d health of workers; Requirements for their behavior. The official, who takes the Initial instruction of persons, issues a certificate for the already performed instruction. It must be is stored in the employees personal file. There is a book for initial instructions and both (Instructor and employee) have to sign in. Instruction at the working place is a practical introduction of the employee with the specific requirements for the safe performance of work and place of work before being assigned an individual task. Dr. Eng. Lachezar Hrischev, PhD It is an obligation of the Instructor a Book for instructions at the working place and each worker is allowed to work independently after the signature of the instructor in the Book for instructions at the working place. Periodic instruction has to support and complement the knowledge of workers health and safety at work. Periodic instruction for construction workers, technical managers, engineers should be held not less than every three months and not less often than once a year for all other employees. Periodical instruction has to be carried out by direct manager of the activity or other person appointed by the employer. Lecturer Dr. Eng. Lachezar Hrischev, PhD 28 Course â€Å"Health and safety in construction† Daily instruction (or every day instruction) takes place on workers directly engaged in production activities with high risk, including construction work. Daily instruction should be carried out by the direct manager, supervisor or other person appointed by the employer. Dr. Eng. Lachezar Hrischev, PhD Extraordinary instruction is scheduled: After each severe accident and occupational disease and after fire or industrial accidents and natural disasters; After serious violations of established rules, norms and requirements on safety and health at work; Upon changes in the technological process, by introducing new machinery and equipment, change of workplace or work organization; When prescribed by the supervisory authority. An extraordinary instruction takes place on workers, which have been absent from work more than 45 calendar days. Lecturer Dr. Eng. Lachezar Hrischev, PhD 29